Lepidum Root (Maca - Lepidium meyenii Walp.): A Comprehensive Scientific Review

Definition and Types

Lepidum root is valued for its edible root part, called the hypocotyl, which grows underground. This root usually has a radish-like shape and can be cream, yellow, red or black in color, depending on the variety. It is thought that each color variety may have different bioactive profiles and thus different potential effects:

• Yellow/Cream Maca: It is the most widely grown and consumed variety. It is used for general health, energy and hormonal balancing.
• Red Maca It has been particularly researched for its potential effects on prostate health and bone density.
• Black Maca It stands out with its effects on sperm count and motility, libido and physical performance in men.

Biochemical Composition

The potential effects of Lepidum root are due to its rich and diverse bioactive composition:

• Carbohydrates It contains a high proportion of complex carbohydrates, which provide a source of energy.
• Proteins %13-16 oranında protein içerir ve 19’a kadar amino asit içerdiği bilinmektedir, bu da özellikle vejetaryen ve vegan diyetler için değerli bir besin kaynağı yapar.
• Fiber: It contains about %8.5 of dietary fiber, which supports digestive health.
• Oils It contains a small amount of fat and essential fatty acids such as linolenic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid.
• Vitamins It is rich in vitamin C, B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6), vitamin D and vitamin E.
• Minerals It contains important minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper and iodine.
• Phytochemicals (Bioactive Compounds):
  • Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates: These compounds, native to the cruciferous family, have potential anticancer and detoxifying effects.
  • Macaen and Macamiders: These alkyamides, which are unique to maca, are the main bioactive compounds thought to be responsible for the plant's effects on adaptogenic and sexual functions.
  • Alkyamides They can act on the neurotransmitter system.
  • Sterols Plant sterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol) may have cholesterol-lowering effects.
  • Polysaccharides They may have immune modulating effects.
  • Flavonoids Polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties.

Effects on Body Functions

The potential effects of Lepidum root on body functions cover a wide range:

1. Reproductive Health and Libido: The most researched and known effect of lepidum root is its potential to increase sexual desire (libido) and performance in both men and women. It is thought to exert an effect on hormonal balancing, but does not directly increase hormone levels.
   • Men May improve sperm count, motility and quality. May help relieve symptoms of erectile dysfunction.
     • Research Example: A human study by Gonzales et al. (2001) showed that 4 months of maca supplementation increased sperm concentration and motility in healthy men, but did not alter hormone levels (testosterone, LH, FSH). This suggests that the effects of maca may be through non-hormonal mechanisms. Another meta-analysis pointed to the potential benefits of maca on erectile dysfunction and libido (Shin et al., 2010).
   • Women: It can improve sexual dysfunction, especially those related to antidepressant use. It can help reduce vaginal dryness and relieve menopausal symptoms (hot flashes, mood swings).
     • Research Example: A pilot study by Dording et al. (2008) found that maca had positive effects on libido and sexual function in women with sexual dysfunction due to antidepressant use. A study in postmenopausal women reported that maca supplementation alleviated menopausal symptoms and stabilized hormone levels (Brooks et al., 2008).
2. Energy and Endurance, Physical Performance: Lepidum root has traditionally been used to combat fatigue and exhaustion and increase energy levels. Thanks to its adaptogenic properties, it can help the body adapt to stress and increase stamina.
   • Research Example: A systematic review by Dong et al. (2020) examined the anti-fatigue effects and energy-boosting potential of maca, but noted the need for larger, randomized controlled trials in humans. Small studies on some athletes have provided preliminary data that it may improve exercise performance and endurance.
3. Hormonal Balancing: Lepidum root may help optimize hormonal balance by supporting the endocrine system without directly altering hormone levels. This can be beneficial in alleviating both the symptoms of menstrual cycle irregularities and PMS (premenstrual syndrome) in women, as well as menopausal complaints.
4. Mood and Mental Health: Thanks to its adaptogenic properties, it can help reduce stress and anxiety levels. Some users have reported positive effects on mood and a reduction in symptoms of depression.
   • Research Example: Animal studies by Lopez-Fando et al. (2004) suggested that maca may have anti-depressant-like effects.
5. Immune System: Lepidum root can support the immune system thanks to its vitamins (especially vitamin C), minerals and antioxidants. Its antioxidant properties may improve the function of immune cells by protecting cells from oxidative damage. However, more research is needed on their specific mechanisms and effects on direct immune modulation.
6. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects: Lepidum root contains various antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and glucosinolates. These compounds reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. Although its direct effects on inflammation have been less studied, its ability to improve overall metabolic health and its antioxidant capacity may indirectly influence inflammatory processes.
7. Cardiovascular Health: Extensive human studies on the direct effects of lepidum root on cardiovascular health are limited. However, there is some preliminary data that it may help regulate blood pressure and improve lipid profile. In particular, its potential to lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis may be attributed to the sterols and antioxidants it contains.

Areas of Use

Lepidum root is usually found in dried and powdered form, as capsules, tablets or liquid extracts. Uses include:

• Nutritional Supplement: It is a popular supplement for energy, stamina, increased libido, hormonal balancing and overall health.
• Food: In Peru, it is traditionally ground into flour and used in foods such as bread, soups and porridge. The powdered form can be added to smoothies, yogurts or other drinks.
• Traditional Medicine: It has been included in traditional treatments for conditions such as fatigue, anemia, infertility and menopausal symptoms.

Side Effects and Dosage Information

Lepidum root is generally considered safe at recommended doses. However, as with any natural supplement, there are potential side effects and situations to watch out for.

Side Effects:

• Mild Gastrointestinal Disturbances: Some people may experience mild digestive problems such as stomach upset, gas or bloating, especially with high doses or sensitive stomachs.
• Insomnia Due to its stimulating effects, it may affect sleep patterns in some people. For this reason, it is generally recommended to be consumed in the morning or afternoon.
• Hormonal Interactions: Although it does not directly increase hormone levels, it is important that people with hormonal disorders (e.g. thyroid disorders, hormonal cancers) do not use it without consulting their doctor due to its potential effects on hormonal balancing. People with thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto's or hyperthyroidism are especially advised to be careful.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: There is insufficient scientific data on the safety of lepidium root supplement use for pregnant and breastfeeding women. It is recommended to avoid use during these periods or to use with the advice of a doctor.
• Drug Interactions: Although evidence is limited, it is important that individuals taking regular medication for any chronic disease (especially hormonal medications or blood thinners) consult their doctor before using maca.

Dosage

There is no exact standardized dosage for Lepidum root, as the dosage depends on the form of the product (powder, extract, capsule), concentration and intended use.

• General Use: Usually 1.5 grams to 5 grams of dry powdered maca per day is recommended. This dose is usually taken daily, divided into one or two doses.
• For Special Cases: Some studies have used higher doses of between 3 grams and 9 grams for specific purposes such as sexual function or increased energy.
• Initial Dose It is generally recommended to start with a low dose and increase it slowly according to tolerance.

It is imperative to consult a healthcare professional (doctor, dietitian, pharmacist) before using any lepidium root supplements, especially if there is an existing health condition or medications being used.

Storage Conditions

Proper storage conditions are important to preserve the quality and shelf life of Lepidum root products:

• Cool and Dry Environment: Store in a cool (usually room temperature) and dry place away from moisture and excessive heat. It should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
• Airtight Containers: To minimize contact with oxygen and preserve the freshness of the product, it should be stored in its original tightly closed packaging.
• Manufacturer's Instructions: The storage instructions on the packaging must be observed.

Sources

• Brooks, N. A., Wilcox, G., Walker, K. Z., Ashton, J. F., Cox, M. B., & Stojanovska, L. (2008). Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and measures of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women are not related to estrogen or androgen levels. Menopause, 15(6), 1157-1162.
• Dording, C. M., Fisher, L., Papakostas, G., Farabaugh, A., Ostacher, M., Sachs, G. S., & Fava, M. (2008). A double-blind, randomized, pilot study of maca root (Lepidium meyenii) for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14(3), 182-191.
• Dong, Z., Yu, L., Liu, K., Li, X., & Tang, Z. (2020). Anti-fatigue effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii) and its underlying mechanisms: A systematic review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 262, 113063.
• Gonzales, G. F., Cordova, A., Vega, K., Chung, A., Villena, A., & Gongora, C. (2001). Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men. Andrologia, 33(6), 367-372.
• Lopez-Fando, A., Gomez-Serranillos, M. P., Carretero, M. E., & Calvo, M. I. (2004). Pharmacological studies of different extracts of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) on a model of depression induced by reserpine. Fitoterapia, 75(2), 170-174.
• Shin, B. C., Lee, M. S., Yang, E. J., Lim, H. S., & Ernst, E. (2010). Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(1), 44.